Unit: Global Sustainability Topic 1: Environmental Protection
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NO.
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Character
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Pinyin
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English
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1
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空气质量
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Kōng qì zhì liàng
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Air quality
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2
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氧气
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Yǎng qì
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Oxygen
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3
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二氧化碳
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Èr yǎng huà tàn
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Carbon
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4
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全球暖化
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Quán qiú nuǎn huà
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Global warming
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5
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噪声/噪音
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Zào shēng/zào yīn
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Noise
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6
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臭氧层
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Chòu yǎng céng
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Ozonosphere
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7
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沙尘暴
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Shā chén bào
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Sandstorm
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8
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雾霾
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Wù mái
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Smog
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9
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严重
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Yán zhòng
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Serious/severe
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11
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一次性
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Yī cì xìng
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Disposable
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12
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环境保护
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Huán jìng bǎo hù
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Environmental Protection
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13
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酸雨
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Suān yǔ
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Acid Rain
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14
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污染
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Wū rǎn
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Pollution
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15
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工业
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Gōng yè
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Industry
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16
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废物
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Fèi wù
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Waste
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18
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排放
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Pái fàng
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Emit; emission
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19
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废气
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Fèi qì
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Waste gas
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20
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治理
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Zhì lǐ
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manage
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21
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回收
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Huí shōu
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Recycle
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22
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废物利用
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Fèi wù lì yòng
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Recycle and reuse
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23
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生态系统
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Sheng tài xì tǒng
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Ecosystem
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|
24
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破坏
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Pò huài
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Damage
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25
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保护区
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Bǎo hù qū
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Reservation
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26
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热带雨林
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Rè dài yǔ lín
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Rainforest
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27
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稀有
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Xī yǒu
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Rare
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28
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珍贵
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Zhēn guì
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Precious
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29
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濒临
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Bīn lín
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On the verge of
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|
30
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灭绝
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Miè jué
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Extinction
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|
31
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态度
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Tài dù
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Attitude
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|
32
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抗议
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Kàng yì
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Protest
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|
33
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残忍
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Cán rěn
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Cruel
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34
35
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避免
关注
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Bì miǎn
Guān zhù
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Avoid
Attention/pay attention to
|
|
36
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倡议
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Chàng yì
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Initiate/suggest
|
|
37
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拯救
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Zhěng jiù
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Save
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38
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低碳
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Dī tàn
|
Low Carbon
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39
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人道
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Rén dào
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Humane/Humanity
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Sentences
最近北京的空气怎么样？
How is Beijing’s air quality recently?
北京近几年沙尘暴和雾霾都很严重。
Recently Beijing has faced severe problems with sandstorm and haze.
你认为中国的环境问题主要是由什么导致的？
What do you think are the major causes of China’s environmental problems?
工业快速发展，因而产生大量的工业废水、废气和废渣。
Fast development of industry results in large amounts of industrial waste.
什么东西可回收再利用？
What can be recycled?
塑料制品、纸制品、玻璃瓶、报纸等等，都可以回收再利用。
Plastic products, paper products, bottles, newspaper, etc. are recyclable.
Grammar:
连......都......(even)
北京的雾霾一度严重到连自己的手都看不清楚。
Haze in Beijing has been so severe that you cannot even see your own hands clearly.
导致 (cause; result in; lead to)
工业废水的排放导致大量鱼类死亡。
Discharge of industrial waste has caused the death of many types of fish.
不但不......反而...... ( ......not only not...but...; instead)
有些家庭不但不做回收，反而大量使用一次性餐具。
Some families do not recycle, instead they use a lot of disposable disware.
如.....等 （such as…… etc.)
中国的珍稀动物很多，如大熊猫、华南虎、东北虎、金丝猴等。
Some of the rare wild animals in China are giant pandas, south China tigers, Siberian tigers, and snub-nosed monkeys, etc.
不难想象 (not hard to believe)
如果我们现在不好好保护环境 ，不难想象, 在不久的将来，我们后代将生活在什么样的环境里。
If we do not take good care of the environment now, it is easy to imagine what kind of environment our children will have in the future.
Unit: Global Sustainability Topic 2: Natural Resource Management
名词：noun 动词： verb 形容xíngróng词 ：adjective
副fù词： adverb 连lián词： connector 量liàng词： counting/measure (例子：个）
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NO.
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生词
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词类
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定义
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|
1
|
资源 zī yuán
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名
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Resource(s)
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|
2
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循环 xún huán
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动、名
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Circulate
|
|
3
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源头 yuán tóu
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名
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Origin
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|
4
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建造 jiàn zào
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动
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Build, construct
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|
5
|
构造 gòu zào
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名
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Structure
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|
6
|
吸收 xī shōu
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动
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Absorb
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|
7
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稀疏 xī shū
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形容
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Sparse, thin
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|
8
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茂密 mào mì
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形容
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Lush, dense, thick
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9
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差别 chā bié
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名
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Difference(s)
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10
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农业 nóng yè
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名
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Agriculture
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11
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灌溉 guàn gài
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名、动
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To irrigate, irrigation
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12
|
发源地 fā yuán dì
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名
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Place of origin
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13
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发展 fā zhǎn
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名、动
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To develop
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14
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洪水 hóng shuǐ
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名
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Flood
|
|
15
|
灾害 zāi hài
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名
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Disaster
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|
16
|
水灾 shuǐ zāi
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名
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Flood
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|
17
|
财产 cái chǎn
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名
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Property
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|
18
|
损失 sǔn shī
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名、动
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Loss, to lose
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|
19
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控制 kòng zhì
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名、动
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Control, to control
|
|
20
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管理 guǎn lǐ
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名、动
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Management, to manage
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|
21
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提供 tí gōng
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动
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to provide, to supply
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|
22
|
工程 gōng chéng
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名
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Engineering project
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|
23
|
水坝 shuǐ bà
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名
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Dam
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|
24
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发电厂 fā diàn chǎng
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名
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Power plant
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|
25
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二次能源 èr cì néng yuán
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名
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Secondary energy source
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|
26
|
总共 zǒng gòng
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副
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Total, altogether
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|
27
|
建筑 jiàn zhú
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名
|
Building;
|
|
28
|
明显 míng xiǎn
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形容、副
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Obvious, apparent
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|
29
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短期 duǎn qí
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形容
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Short term
|
|
30
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长期 cháng qí
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形容
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Long term
|
|
31
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负面 fù miàn
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形容
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Negative (of effects)
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|
32
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根据 gēn jù
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连
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According to
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|
33
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用量 yòng liàng
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名
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Amount of use
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|
34
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总量 zǒng liàng
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名
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Total amount
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|
35
|
单位 dān wèi
|
名
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Unit
|
|
36
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平均 píng jūn
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名，动
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Average, to average
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|
37
|
数据 shù jù
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名
|
Data
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|
38
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可再生 kě zài shēng
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形容
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Renewable
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|
39
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百分比 bǎi fēn bǐ
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名
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Percentage
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|
40
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能源 néng yuán
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名
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Energy resource
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|
41
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结构 jíe gòu
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名
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Structure
|
|
42
|
服务fú wù
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名，动
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Service, to serve
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|
43
|
尤其是 yóu qí shì
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副
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Especially
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44
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节约 jié yuē
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动
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Saving
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Sentences
1. 因为邻近五大湖，加拿大能用的水资源十分丰富。Because it is near the Great Lakes, Canada has a great resource for potable water.
2. 为什么水循环对人类的生活很重要？Why water cycle is very important for human lives?
3. 世界上很多大河的源头是高山上的冰雪。The origins of many rivers in the world is the glaciers in the high mountains.
4. 这栋房子虽然是50年前建造的看起来和新的一样。Although this house was built 50 years ago, it looks like new.
5. 树干的构造影响森林里雨水流到土里的快慢。The structure of branches of a tree influence the speed at which the rain water goes through the soil in the forest.
6. 热带雨林能吸收很多的二氧化碳(CO2), 帮助碳tàn (carbon) 循环。Tropical rain forests can absorb a lot of CO2, helping with the carbon cycle.
7. 植物稀疏的山坡，大雨后很危险。Hillsides sparsely populated with plants are dangerous after a rain storm.
8. 热带雨林非常茂密，对水循环帮助很大。Tropical rain forests are very dense2, providing temendous help with the water cycle.
9. 热带雨林和沙漠的天气差别很大。Weather differences between tropical rain forests and deserts are huge.
10. 加州中部农业非常发达，所以很多人说这里是美国的『沙拉碗』。Agriculture is very developed in central California, so many people call it the “Salad Bowl” of the US.
11. 农业用水很多，因为不灌溉, 菜就不长。Agriculture uses a lot of water because if they don’t irrigate, vegetables won’t grow.
12. 世界上很多大河的发源地是高山上的冰雪。The origins of many rivers in the world is the glaciers in the high mountains.
13. 文化的发展和水源有关，大部分的文明是在河边开始的。The development of civilization is related to water sources; most civilizations emerged along rivers.
14. 洪水是一种天然灾害, 下雨下的太快、太多可能造成洪水。Flood is a natural disaster, torrential rain can cause flood.
15. 有钱的人通常tōngcháng (usually) 会有很多财产，但不一定是最快乐的人。Rich people usually have a lot of properties but they are necessarily the happiest people.
16. 昨天的火灾让我们家损失了很多贵重的东西。The fire yesterday caused our family to lose a lot of precious belongings.
17. 有人认为当老师最重要的是控制学生，有人认为是帮学生学习，有人认为两个都很重要。Some people think that it is important for a teacher to control students, some people think to help students learn, and some think both are very important.
18. 自然资源管理是保护环境最重要的一部分，因为这些资源的来源是自然环境。Natural resource management is an important part of environmental protection because the origins of these resources are the natural environment.
19. 有些学校提供午餐给学生吃。Some schools provide lunch for students.
20. 电力是二次能源，因为电力的来源是一次能源，比如，水力、风力，太阳能。Electricity is a secondary energy because it came from primary energy sources such as water, wind or solar energy.
21. 长江三峡xiá (gorges)大坝是一个很大的工程，花了很多人力，时间才建造完。The Yangtze River Dams is a large construction. It took a lot of manpower and time to complete.
22. 世界上很多国家用水坝控制河水的流量，所以不会有水灾。Many countries in the world use dams to control the amount of water flows through a river in order to control flood.
23. 世界上很多国家在大河上建造水力发电厂，用河水的力量来发电。Many countries in the world build hydro-electric power plants on large rivers to use hydro power to generate electricity.
24. 上面有三个形状，下面有两个形状，两个加起来，总共有五个。There are 3 shapes on the top and two at the bottom, add them up altegether, there are 5 shapes.
25. 黄色很明显，所以有些人喜欢穿黄色的雨衣，开车的人容易看到你。Yellow is very obvious, so some people like to wear yellow rain coats.
26. 有些人做事，只想到短期的问题，想得不是很远。Some people only think of short term problems; they don’t think very far into the future.
27. 大量砍树会对山坡有负面影响Mass cutting of the trees on a hillside will have a negative effect.
28. 洛阳市的水资源总量比较少，所以常常有旱灾。Luoyang City’s total water resource is relativelly low, so drought occurs often.
29. 我十三岁，弟弟十岁，妹妹八岁, 平均是十岁。I am 13 year-old, my brother is 10, and my sister is 8. The average is 10 years old.
30. 根据现在有的数据，很多地方的天气越来越热。According currecntly avaiable data, weather is getting warmer in a lot of areas.
31. 可再生的能源是用完了可以再有的，比如说水力、风力和太阳能。Renewable energy resources are the ones that can be regenerated; e.g. hydropower, wind power and solar energy.
32. 说明数据的时候常常会用到百分比。Percentage is used often when explaining data.
33. 有些高中生读书给小学生听，算是社区服务。Some high school students read books aloud to elementary students as a community service.
34. 节约用水，从自己做起，从身边做起。Conserving water starts from oneself and around oneself.
35. 雨下得太大、太快，会造成洪水。Flood is caused by torrential rain.
36. 水灾通常是在台风后发生。Flood usually happen after a typhoon (hurricane in the Pacific)
37. 上海市有很多非常高的建筑，最有名的是东方明珠。There are many very tall buildings in Shanghai, and the most famous one is Oriental Pearl.
38. 树干的结构影响森林里雨水流到土里的快慢。The structure of branches of a tree influence the speed at which the rainwater goes through the soil in the forest.
39. 做决定时，要想想长期会有什么效果，不要只想现在有什么好处。When making a decision, one should think about the long-term effect, not just focus on the current benefits.
40. 我忘了药每天用量是什么, 所以这次仔细看了用药的说明, 因为怕又忘了。
I forgot what the daily dosage should be for the medicine, so I took a closer look this time because I was afraid that I would forget again.
41. 我喜欢吃水果，尤其是苹果 (是我最喜欢的）。I like eating fruits, especially apples. (They are my favorite.)
42. 中国和很多亚洲的国家用公尺、公分这些单位来量高度和长度。China and many countries in Asia use units such as meter and centimeter to measure height and length.
Grammar:
我的看法/想法是......, 因为/理由是...... My view/thought is…, because/reasons being...
我的看法/想法是节约能源很重要, 因为/理由是很多能源不是可再生的，用完了就没了。 My view/thought is energy conservation is very important because/reasons being many energy sources are not renewable; i.e. they are gone forever once they are used up.
Usage of a suffix, 量; e.g.
大量 - a large amount
雨量 - the amount of rain
量= amount
(大/小/多/少/高/低) +量的= (large/small) amount of
他需要大量的帮助才能把这件事在明天做完。He needs a lot of help to finish this task tomorrow.
东西+量= amount of stuff (need to be measured)
水量、雨量、食量
他的食量很大, 每天要吃很多食物。His appetite is large, which means he eats a lot of food every day.
动(+名)词+量= amount of stuff (need to be measured)
用量、出(水)量、下雨量、下雪量
美国西北部每年下雨/下雪量很高，树长得非常茂密，所以有好几个雨林。胡德山(Mt. Hood) 国家森林是其中的一个。Northwestern US gets high volume of rainfall and snowfall every year, so there are several rain forests in the area. Mt. Hood National Forest is one of them.
Usage of a suffix, 力, for nouns ; e.g.
1. 水力 - water power
2. 破坏力 - destructive power
美国西北部每年下雨量很大，所以水力发电很普遍。Northwestern US gest high volume of rainfall every year, so generating electricity using hydropower is very common.
美国南部夏天的大风雨，常常造成水灾，破坏力很大。Southern US gets a lot of rain storms in the summer, often cause floods.
根据 gēn jù ……, (sentence) According to…, (sentence).
根据天气预报, 星期二的雨量应该不大。According to the weather forecast, precipitation should not be high on Tuesday.
In addition， you need to make MEANINGFUL or SIGNIFICANT INTERPRETATIONS of these graphs and charts. "Meaningful" or "significant" means that they can be used in a research paper. You must include year (use 从X年 到X年 if it is more than 2 years), place （does it apply to China， U.S. or both ）， topic （what data are you talking about， average consumption of electricity per capita？percentage of all energy that are renewable？ Total electricity consumption of China），and a number （if it is higher how much higher， how many times，what percentage did it increase or decrease by? ETC. There are some exceptions you don't have to cite specific number， Ex. the year that China's total electricity consumption surpasses U.S.'s)
中美两国资源用量比较
图一 中美两国用电总量比较 （单位: 十亿yì 千qīan瓦wǎ时 - billion kilowatt hour)
图二 中美两国每人平均用电量比较 （单位: 千瓦时/人- kilowatthour/person)
年
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
美国
|
12,211.38
|
12,407.44
|
12,877.70
|
11,982.40
|
12,292.36
|
12,375.98
|
12,250.20
|
12,343.10
|
中国
|
803.59
|
851.46
|
939.03
|
1,019.44
|
1,010.13
|
1,247.79
|
1,651.48
|
1,886.75
|
年
|
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
| |
美国
|
12810
|
12669
|
12365
|
11920
|
12281
|
12186
| ||
中国
|
2,859
|
2444
|
2585
|
2572
|
3494
|
3477
|
3926
|
表一 中美两国每人平均用电量比较 （单位: 千瓦时/人- kilowatt-hour/person)
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
| |
中国
|
19.55%
|
19.54%
|
20.39%
|
18.79%
|
美国
|
10.17%
|
11.55%
|
11.32%
|
13.57%
|
表二 中美两国可再生电力使用百分比
中国
|
美国
| |
工业 Industries (Manufacturing, etc.)
|
70.00%
|
28.00%
|
商业 + 服务业 Commerce and Service
|
2.00%
|
14.00%
|
个人日常生活 Domestic Use
|
11.00%
|
17.00%
|
农业 Agriculture
|
2.00%
|
1.00%
|
交通 Transportation
|
10.00%
|
39.00%
|
其他
|
5.00%
|
1.00%
|
表三 中美两国2008～2009年能源用量结构
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